He believed that Morton finagled and fudged his own research in order to control prior convictions. He also mentions that Morton was a fraud in the name of science and that those people are the least interesting because it explains to society nothing, but insane opinions that only make sense in the scientist on mind.

I believe the gap is the lack of knowledge pertaining to the different sub races that were not accounted for and studied. This amalgamation created stereotypical and falsified information upon races that were seen as “closely related to” or “blended” which created the uneducated teachings and lecturing of amalgamation.

That too many people back then were mixed (races) and so the word “colored” was more of a term for “african decent”. Also the falsification that blended races would eventually lead to extinction or deterioration of human kind.

One convincing peace that I read that made me believe his statement was true was the mentioning of a town that was once had the purity of the african race. He almost tries to disprove his theory but then goes on to write that even that was not true anymore. If anyone tries to disprove a theory before writing their main convincing article, then this (I believe) would enhance the writer’s credibility.

One warrant is the life of sexual immorality. Since it is so prevalent in large cities, the mixing of races happened more than people could fathom. Although the law of similarity typically kept groups or races separated sexually, sympathy and affection would take a strong hold on emotions for most people, leading to the sexual desires between two completely opposite groups or races like whites and blacks.

The mixing of blacks and whites deteriorates certain features of a pure race. Example: black race loses physical stamina and health when mixed with the white race.

1. The genre in setting to plessy vs. ferguson is upperclass folk that belong in a courtroom setting. Only people that comprehend different legislation pertaining to the case would be able to successfully progress the overturning of a case so significant.

The threshold level of members in the case are civilized white people in the court room arguing against each other either for the constitution and its 13th and 14th amendments or against the constitution.

Participary mechanisms include the lawyers whom either defend or are there to ratify the constitution. nothing can be done unless the extra measure is taken by these people in order to evolve to a more practical society.

2. Although there were specific cases involving separate but equal clauses, i believe they chose Homer Plessy as a prime target because the railroads were the main way of traveling publicly. It would of made perfect for a benchmark case because it would effect every state that the railroad passes through.

3. The activist discourse, which were the ones fighting for a ratification to the amendments of the constitution (lawyer for Plessy’s side), slowly chiseled away that shell of ignorance that municipal legislatures had against African Americans. This gave enlightened thinking to the people and politicians to endorse equality that would eventually lead to bigger benchmark cases like Roe v. Wade or Brown v. Board of Education during the civil rights era.

I did not read the proper pages for Plessy vs Ferguson, but I did read from chapter one until chapter 2… (I will rectify this eventually) I must say there was a lot of redudancy in the first chapter, as in the defense, whom kept referencing the Constitution, would compare how rediculous it would be to separate blacks and whites in every normal thing that we do. For instance, the defense references how blacks and whites sit next to each other in a jury stand, they walk by each other on the road and vote together for the same political terms, so why can’t they sit next to each other in a train?

1. It holds that shared behavioral norms , and the social and economic difference s
   between human groups primarily races, classes, and sexes—arise
   from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is
   an accurate reflection of biology.

2. That worth can be assigned to individuals and groups by measuring intelligence as a single quantity

3. The traditional prestige of science as objective knowledge , free from social and political taint.

4. Groups in Power

5. Both 2 and 3

6. Reification and ranking

7. This book, then, is about the abstraction of intelligence as a single entity,
its location within the brain, its quantification as on e number for each individual, and the use of these number s to rank people in a single series of worthiness , invariably to find that oppressed and disadvantaged groups—races , classes, or sexes—are innately inferior and deserve their status. In short, this book is about the mismeasure of Man. *

8. Influential and that scientists believed they were pursuing unsullied truth.

9. It takes the current status of groups as a measure of where they should and must be.

2. The passage describes the ways servers “read” (verbally and nonverbally) and manipulate customers in order to manage a successful job in the service industry.

The servers know what each word and menu item on the menu means. This includes knowing the process of food production of each food item on the menu. Although each customer may have a full understanding of what and how a food item on the menu is produced, it is equally important for the server to have literate knowledge of how the kitchen prepares certain items on the menu.

In this specific instance, the menu is in a foreign language, so this shifts the authority and decision making to the server, whom will have a better understanding of the menu than the customers. This jump buys the customer time and mutually creates a smooth and coherent ordering process for the customers and server. Furthermore, a customer not understanding the menu gives the advantage to the server to up sell a menu item.

1. I believe this is more of something (swales essay) that is made up to have an explanation of why people behave differently and conform to certain community groups. Overall, I see this is as fruitless information that cannot be used to benefit anybody in a career or life in general.
2. The article took too long, for what it was, to get to a very aimless and boring conclusion.

Stein, which is to be considered an unreliable narrator, wrote this piece in order to fish for a more broader and deeper meaning within the text from his audience. The article at first glance is about baseball, but since his intentions are for his audience to think deeper into the article, we can come to the conclusion that this article is about the United States war machine and similarly, how the United State’s pompous history has put them in places that they do not need to be. This article’s rhetoric is deliberately sarcastic and ironic in order to unhinge very opinionated topics that otherwise could not be written about in a serious section of a serious magazine like Time.

Swales

1. Centripetal means to work inward so the objective is centralized. In speech communities, people inherent their members through birth, accident or adoption. They want a sense of group and since centripetal means to work your way in, this group attracts outsiders in order to conform to their group. On the contrary, centrifugal is the process of heading away. So, discourse communities could be the form of solidarity that offers the attraction through differences. These very different groups are attracting in their own way for difference reasons that speech communities are attractive.
2. Broadly agree with goals in everyone in community, mechanism of intercommunications of people in the group, participation and feedback, use genres, specifics and jargin, threshold amount of members and amount of content is suitable between members of community,
3. It is important keep this academic and not see this as an invite to take this knowledge seriously.